Essay on Resistance to Colonial Rule in Africa - 1041 Words

By the start of the 20th century, Colonial rule by both the French and the British in Southern Africa had rising expenditure costs. The British method of indirect rule in their colonies, created by Frederick Lugard to leave existing government as it is, had far lower costs than the French method of direct rule. Nonetheless taxation stood as the universal method of keeping all colonies cheap and straightforwardly ran. African’s disgust with a white man telling them to pay for the white man’s endeavors had taken a toll. Protest of colonial rule threatened to endanger British indirect rule. The British would take steps to prevent this from happening. Methods Africans used to protest Colonial rule during the first decades of the 20th century†¦show more content†¦Let us try to make our Christianity practical† Worger, Clark, Alpers, Africa And the West Vol 2, pg 61 (New York, Oxford 2010)The impact of religious opposition resulted in the Colonists giving the A fricans their own colony to get rid of them because a religious movement created a problem for the colonists to deal with. The radical confrontation in resistance to colonial rule stemmed from the Women’s movement in Nigeria. The Igbo culture in Nigeria who believed in a system of balanced spheres, and that when any one of the spheres would get out of line it would mean that their whole culture would be imbalanced. When the colonists started exercising their various taxes, they dubbed certain people warrant chiefs who would count all of the people. These warrant chiefs were given more power than other people which in turn threw off the Igbo culture. Also, when the women were counted in the census’s this meant to the women that there is a fixed number of women, and if a child were to be born, an elder woman would need to die (one in, one out). During WWI, the British recruited Igbo men for military duty and also in 1927 imposed a direct tax of Igbo men which put the entire Igbo society into debt, forcing women to work more to pay the debt back. Ogu Umunwaany, a leader of the women’s movement had several grievances with theShow MoreRelatedAfrican Women During European Expansion1295 Words   |  6 PagesThe anticolonial movements in Africa were ways to get back at European expansion on the area from the 1890s to the 1960s. African comebacks to colonial rule varied from place to place and over time. Several methods of both violent and nonviolent resistance to colonialism emerged. Nonviolent forms of anti-colonialism included the use of the trade unions, press, religious organizations, associations, literary or art forms, and mass migrations. Various African states used one or several of these nonviolentRead MoreEuropeans and Africans have always had some form of interaction mainly through trade, at the time800 Words à ‚  |  4 Pagesestablishing trading post all over Africa, such as El Mina where they traded slaves all around the world. The Europeans became greedy and wanted not only slaves, but Africa’s natural resources. They began to battle over land, Africans did not have the weaponry to win these battles. This helped Europe to increase in land and power throughout Africa. They began to illegally divide the land, throughout Africa in the early 1800s, it was not till the Berlin conference that Africa was legally divided. This wasRead MoreThe Great Divide : How And Why The Apartheid Differ From Colonial Rule1438 Words   |  6 PagesDIFFERED FROM TYPICAL COLONIAL RULE â€Æ' It is a well-known fact that during European colonial rule, Africans were exposed to a multitude of injustices including warfare, slavery, and the occupation of their lands by European invaders. In retrospect, the ashes of traditional African societies are what built thriving European-owned African mining, agricultural and rubber economies. But nothing that Africa had previously suffered was quite like the apartheid, which South Africa was exposed to fromRead MoreEthnic Conflicts And Its Effects On Post Colonial Societies1418 Words   |  6 Pages168 colonies. By the 1960s, after years of fighting, most Western colonial territories had gained independence. The following decades showed how much the ghost of colonisation still loomed over post-colonial societies though. Around the world today, conflict is found in many areas that were once colonised or controlled by Western European powers. The cause of many of these continuing and uncontrollable conflicts lies in past colonial polic ies, especially those regarding territorial boundaries, theRead MoreThe abolition of slavery in Africa and the Middle East Essay1003 Words   |  5 Pages The abolition of slavery in Africa and the Middle East can be seen from different perspectives. One of them, it is from the international pressure to abolish slavery in Africa and Middle East. The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, was one of the most active institutions in looking for suppression of slavery, in India, Africa and the Middle East.2 They pushed to British government to take direct actions in abolish Indian slavery, and indirect actions on non-European regions were slavery wasRead MoreDirect And Indirect Taxation On African People1126 Words   |  5 Pageslocations surrounding manufacturing sites where males would get sexually transmitted diseases and eventually bring those illnesses back home. 3. Commando leaders and commando activities were leaders of refugee camps that weren’t in the grasps of colonial administration. They were successful because they normally fought of the rights of the native people and that resulted in increasing support. Supporters provided them with food and places to stay. The activities they participated in were recruitmentRead MoreConsequences Of Colonization Of Africa1599 Words   |  7 PagesThrough the19th century to the start of the 20th century, Africa was at the mercy of Europe imperialism. Politics and economics led powerful European nations to colonize the continent of Africa. What was later coined as â€Å"The Scramble for Africa†, led powerful nations to aggressively take over the continent and exploit its materials, people, and land. The European powers that took control of most of Africa included Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. The continent was dividedRead MoreWhy Most Policies Fail in Af rica906 Words   |  4 Pages WHY MOST POLICIES DON’T WORK IN AFRICA Ever since Africa became a continent, most of her problems have been policy and policy management. First, it was the colonial policy makers who introduced the Indirect Rule system (as was the case of British colonial Administration) and the assimilation policy system (as was the case of the French colonial Administration).The Colonial masters adopted these policies largelyRead MoreColonialism And Its Impact On Africa1206 Words   |  5 Pagesthe biggest impacts on Africa. This experience of colonialism began to take effect between the 1400s and 1800s. It started when the Europeans arrived to Africa and set up trading posts. In the late 1800s and early 1900s the increase of European power took over most of the continent. The legacy of the colonial experience will influence the history of the continent. Mid 1700s to the late 1880s the Europeans increased their involvement in Africa. The reason was the resistance against slave trade. TheRead MoreThe Scramble for Africa Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesThe scramble for Africa represents the most thorough and systematic process of colonialism in world history. The European colonial powers managed to conquer and control almost the entire continent of Africa in a short, twenty-five year period from about 1875 to 1900. Some of the European states involved were already well-established global powers; the others were up and coming nations that desired to emulate and compete with the dominant imperial states. Various factors allowed for and contributed

Was Alfred Hitchcock a Misogynist Free Essays

Of course Alfred Hitchcock was a misogynist, or at least had a neurotic compulsion to mistreat women in his films: everyone knows that. Or do they? If so, one must assume also that most of his heroines were masochistic, in that nearly all his leading actresses seem to have adored him. And if there was mistreatment, it mostly seems to have been meted out, and perceived by its apparent victims, as all in the spirit of innocent merriment. We will write a custom essay sample on Was Alfred Hitchcock a Misogynist or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ivor Montagu, longtime friend and script collaborator of Hitch, told me that one of the first famous examples, the ordeals undergone by Madeleine Carroll while handcuffed to Robert Donat in The 39 Steps, arose because he and Hitch had known her before she went off to Hollywood as very much one of the lads, and suspected she might need to be jollied out of any Hollywood big-star nonsense. And, moreover, that she gave as good as she got, involving Hitch in succession of practical jokes. Well, what about that snippet of sound test for Anny Ondra in Blackmail, in which he reduces her to helpless giggles with a couple of off-colour jokes?Subject to passionate feminist condemnation, it yet seems to be perceived by both participants as whimsically flirtatious, and Ondra and her husband, the boxer Max Schmelling, remained close friends of Hitch’s for the rest of their lives. True, there appears to be little fun in Tippi Hedren’s ordeal in the attic with the birds, but then that arises inevitably from the dramatic situation in the film. And even Hedren, despite her quarrels with Hitchcock over his more-than-professional possessiveness, had no complaints about the support he normally gave her. In his private and professional lives Hitchcock was always surrounded by women. He and his wife had just one child, a daughter, and she produced three grandchildren, all daughters. But where choice was available, in his professional dealings, his office was entirely staffed by women. There was a succession of female personal assistants, as well as the usual complement of secretaries, and his wife Alma was always his most professional, as well as personal, assistant of all. An experienced film editor when he was mainly making the tea, she was always appealed to as the ltimate authority in the cutting room. When the composer Bernard Herrmann first met Alma at Hitchcock’s unit office he later observed: â€Å"There will be trouble. That woman is consumed with jealousy. † So how had she felt about, say, Joan Harrison being Hitch’s personal assistant? For Harrison, whom Hitchcock brought over from England with him in 1939, was a cool blonde with a sizzle underneath. She launched immediately into a blazing affair with Clark Gable, while John Houseman assured me that she was never Hitchcock’s mistress – â€Å"and I can say that, because for some time she was mine†.Peggy Robertson, Hitch’s last and longest personal assistant, was the opposite: a jolly-hockey-stick kind of English lady. When she came to Hollywood she asked Hitch whether she would be expected to follow Joan as his mistress. He replied: â€Å"I can say with complete conviction that I was never between the sheets with Joan. † â€Å"Well, that’s not saying much,† said Peggy; â€Å"What about on the hearth-rug, in the haystack, over the kitchen table? † Hitch gave a convincing look of horror: â€Å"Do people really do thin gs like that? †The playwright Rodney Ackland, who worked with Hitchcock on the script of Number Seventeen in 1932, was exceptional in that he was openly gay. Hitch was fascinated, and once said to him: â€Å"I think I would have been a poof if I hadn’t met Alma at the right time. † An exaggerated view of his coming to terms with his feminine side? Who can say? But undeniably he was more at home with women. Happy as he might be with his leading men, they were not the ones he identified with, and for his bosom buddies you have to look entirely on the other side of the gender gap. How to cite Was Alfred Hitchcock a Misogynist, Papers

Problem Solving Critical Thinking - Hdlt free essay sample

This adaptation is tested through fresh, innovative learning environments and higher expectations. Let us first determine critical thinking and problem solving and see how are these phenomenon interrelated with each other and the role both these skills play in our lives. Critical thinking (CT) is defined as â€Å" intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing and /or evaluating information gathered from or generated by observations, experiences, reflections, reasoning or communication as a guide to belief and action. Scriven Paul, 2007, P 1). Thus simply put, CT is metacognition or thinking about thinking. Problem-solving (PS) is a mental process that involves ascertaining, investigating and solving problems. The eventual objective of problem-solving is to overcome hindrances and find a solution that best resolves the issue. These problems could range from simply crossing the road and reaching safely on the other si de without getting hurt by the oncoming vehicles or solving a Sudoku puzzle or figure out a estimated expenses of a trip or in case of a child, solving a multiplication sum given in the class. The term problem solving ( P S) in educational settings would involve solving well-structured text book problems which are poles apart from ill structured problems which are encountered in everyday life. Thus we can see that in order to effectively solve a problem, one may require to engage with it and critically think about it to find the best solution. Let us now look at certain important broad themes and specific problem solving processes used by children Broad themes 1. Task analysis – details of steps taken to actually solve problems. For example a child adds 2 multi digit numbers, the actual process starting with adding the numbers in the right most column, writing ones digit as a part of the answer, carrying over the tens digit ( if it is so ) †¦ so on and so forth. Task analysis helps in identifying the exact places where child might be encountering difficulty in solving the problem, the nature of the difficulty. Thus it gives an insight into the manner in which the child solves problems; and thus provides scope for rectification. 2. Means – End analysis Using this methodology, one solves a problem by considering the obstacles that stand between the initial problem state and the goal state. The path to reaching the goal can be achieved by accomplishing smaller sub goals. When all of the sub goals have been achieved – when all of the obstacles are out of the way – then the main goal of interest has been achieved. Thus, means-ends analysis can be seen as a search strategy in which the long-range goal is always kept in mind to guide problem solving. 3. Encoding – this literally means identifying critical information in order to build internal representations. Thus it is very important to train the child to filter out the relevant data from the all the available information. Many children fail because they are not thought how to encode critical information and utilize it. Important processes of Problem Solving- 1. Planning this is future directed PS, most often used in difficult and new situations. But most often the novelty of the situation also ensures that children often forget to plan. 2. Route Planning this is done in order to select a most efficient route in order to reach a destination. Children as early as one year of age start showing the development of this ability. Example – an adult figuring out his way in order to reach a new destination; after looking at various maps. The route is figured out post route planning. 3. Causal Inference many a times problem solving is an attempt to understand the cause of a phenomenon. Humans are curious by nature. A two year old will constantly be in the endeavor to know â€Å"why things happen†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ why do birds fly, whereas animals don’t? so on and so forth. 4. Analogical Reasoning In problem solving this is predominantly concerned with systemic correspondences, where a solution to a known problem may be applied to solving a structurally similar problem. Analogical reasoning improves with maturation and increase in content knowledge. According to Piaget’s stages of development analogical reasoning only starts developing in the pre operational stage ( ages 2 -7) and gets occasional limited success in concrete operational stage(7-11) and becomes fully developed by formal operational stage (age 11 through adulthood) Stage I (Preoperational) egocentric responses using idiosyncratic relations. IA children were unable to form lower-order relations IB some children able to form lower-order relations, but unable to form analogies Stage II (concrete operational) occasional, limited success IIA trial-and-error success on analogies, inability to resist false counter-suggestions IIB consistent success on analogies, but inconsistent ability to resist false counter-suggestions Stage III (formal operational) Success on all aspects of the tasks. Criticism of Piaget – Goswami Brown reasoned that children might fail Piagets tasks because they lack knowledge of the relations entailed. On this view, children ought to be able to solve classical analogy problems provided the analogies are based on familiar relations. Practice in analogical reasoning improved young children’s spontaneous formation of analogies. 5. Scientific reasoning: Children question everything as a basic premise,they want to know the why , how of everything; but they are also hugely influenced by the beliefs that they see are carried around them. Whenever they actually do something on their own, they do develop an understanding and rationality regarding the same phenomenon. For example a child understands that sugar takes less time to dissolve in hot milk rather than cold milk. Thus, when they indulge in activities, experiment they develop scientific and logical reasoning. 6. Logical reasoning It is when a child can apply logical rules in order to solve problems. Logical reasoning requires the child to link each alternative to the main problem by strong reasoning. They may also require using logical structure If , Then . for example if a child has to climb up two floors, he could either use the lift or the stairs. If the escalator lift for some reason is not working, then either the child could wait till the lifet starts working or take the stairs. The choices have to be logically reasoned out. Both analogical and logical reasoning develop gradually over early and middle childhood whereas scientific reasoning does take more time to develop and take shape as it is much enhanced by experience. Along with certain important processes used in PS some of the others are – Symbolic representation as tools Rule based problem solving etc. Above we have also looked at Piagetian perspective on PS. Let us also look at the Vyogotsky’s perspective on the same. Lev Vygotsky gave some novel ideas regarding childrens learning and their problem solving abilities. 1. Zone of Proximal development (ZPD) This is the zone where learning takes place. This zone represents the difference the between what the child can achieve on its own and what it can achieve with the help of others. In order, for learning to occur, the elder or peer must provide a challenge that is beyond the child’s own capabilities and yet be assisted. Thus assisted learning or peer learning is an important aspect of children developing the PS abilities. If children have done a task with an adult or under the guidance of an adult (ZPD) they tend to show improvement whilst performing as opposed to those who were attempting it for the first time ( Piaget’s discovery learning ). Vyogotsky also pointed towards the importance of private speech in children, whenever confronted with a novel problem. This speech could be their method of engaging with the problem. As children grow up and get better at symbolic interpretation, this private speech diminishes. Now let us look at how a constructivist classroom helps children in enhancing their PS abilities. Constructivist approaches to learning attempt to generate environments where learners are actively engaged in their surroundings and environments that help them to construct and develop their own understanding, reasoning and knowledge, rather than the teacher interpreting their world for them. The learners interaction with the environment and with the subject matter at hand results them in having their own view about the subject. Thus we can see that collaborative learning is the hallmark of a constructivist classroom. For example – group of students in a chemistry class are learning about properties of organic salts. Instead of directly stating the properties, the teacher will devise questions which will engage the students in challenging their previous knowledge, link it to the other phenomenon that they have already been studying and generate a new level of understanding regarding the topic. During the discussions and promptings, when one student comes with the relevant concept, the teacher would cash on it and hint to the group to further explore this concept. Late, she would sum up ay concluding what the class has learnt, what helped and what did not help them in constructing new knowledge. Question – The biggest question for me is the teaching methodology. In most of the schools, that me and my colleagues have visited during our practicum, we inevitably noticed that instead of focusing on teaching the students how to think, rationalize, develop an understanding. The focus is on what they should think? Conclusion By providing them everything like â€Å"ready to eat meals†, we seal them from developing their own understanding. In a class room setting children, still encounter structured problems, in real life settings children will be coming across many ill structured problems. The aim of education must be to prepare them for encountering the challenges that they would face everyday. They have to be trained to adequately use their problem solving abilities within the classroom as well as outside it. References – Taylor, L, (2005). Introducing cognitive development. Taylor and Francis: Psychology Press. (Chapter: Thinking and reasoning). Siegler Alibali (2005). Chapter 10: Problem-Solving (pp 341-380). Synder L. Synder J. Teaching critical thinking and Problem solving skills, The Delta Pi Epsilon Journal, Volume L, No. 2, Spring/Summer, 2008

Who Is Inspector Goole Essay Example For Students

Who Is Inspector Goole? Essay The first thing I notice about Inspector Goole is his name and the fact it sounds just the same as Ghoul. This suggests at the beginning of the play that he is going to be a mysterious character. The first extremely mysterious action he takes in the play, is the fact that he claims to an police inspector investigating a suicide. Surely a normal policeman wouldnt have the time to investigate something where there is no actual crime. His name also has some significance in anagrams. Letters from his name can form the word LEGO, which I think could represent him breaking the family down to pieces and he bombards them with his inquiries. One rather far-fetched Conclusion is that that Inspector Goole is the son of Eva Smith who has come back from the future to seek justice on those who drove her to suicide. He might display this in the way that he seems to know an awful lot about her and her personal life. He would probably inherit her belongings after her death including her Journal this theory could explain the way he constantly mentioned her personal details and the child she was carrying. We will write a custom essay on Who Is Inspector Goole? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now If this was the case I think there would have been a greater dramatic impact as he met his supposed father in the play just to make the audience think a little. In a way I think that the Inspector is a representative of J. B. Priestly. He acts as a kind of narrator to put forward morals of the play. The Author wants the reader to think about the responsibility of people even if they are not guilty in a legal sense just as the Inspector encourages the family to take moral responsibility. Priestly wants to make clear peoples dependence on more important people with more influence and through the inspector he reveals Geralds affair along side the arrogance of rich people towards lower classes. This is also shown in Mrs Birlings denying of financial help to Eva when she was pregnant and the way Sheila had Eva discharged from the fashion shop. The Author really points out the lack of moral judgement in the family. I think the entire play is based upon the Inspector being J.B. Priestlys method of putting his point forward. I also think that the Inspector is a God-like figure in the play getting the family to realise that they have done wrong and to make them see that they should care for others no matter if they are below you Socio-economically. He displays this by being all-knowing and not flaling for anything the family might lye to him about. He knows that they are involved in some way and he knows how to make them see sense.

High School Social Studies Curriculum Plan of Study

High School Social Studies Curriculum Plan of Study High School social studies typically consist of three years of required credits along with additionally offered electives. Following is an overview of these required courses along with electives one might find at a typical high school. Sample High School Social Studies Plan of Study Year One: World History The World History course is obviously a true survey course. Due to time constraints, students typically get just a taste of the various cultures and their history from around the world. The most powerful world history curriculum is one which builds connections between world cultures. World history follows a progression as follows: Prehistory and Early ManFirst civilizations (Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China)Greece and RomeMedieval China and JapanMedieval Era in EuropeRenaissance and Reformation in EuropeModern Era AP World History is the standard replacement for World History. This course is considered an introductory advanced placement social studies course. Year Two: Electives This plan of study assumes that only three full year credits are required in social studies for graduation. Therefore, this year is one in which students often take any desired social studies electives.This list is not meant to be exhaustive but instead representative of a typical high school. Psychology or AP PsychologySociologyWorld GeographyAP Comparative Government Year Three: American History The American History course differs in many locations. Some have American History in high school cover the time period beginning with the American Civil War while others have it begin at the beginning. In this curriculum example, we begin with a brief review of exploration and discovery before jumping into the colonial era. One of the main purposes of the American History course is to highlight the root causes and interconnections of many events that arose throughout Americas past. Connections are highlighted along with the dynamics of group interaction, the building of a national identity, the rise of social movements, and the growth of federal institutions. AP American History is the standard replacement for American History. This course covers topics that range from discovery and exploration through the most recent presidential administrations. Year Four: American Government and Economics Each of these courses normally lasts for one-half of the year. Therefore, they are typically placed together although there is no reason that they have to follow each other or be completed in a particular order. American Government: American Government provides students the basic understanding of the institutions and functions of government in America. Students learn about the foundations of American Government and then focus on the institutions themselves. Further, they learn about the ways that they can get involved and participate in government.​ Check out this  American Government Course Outline.AP American Government replaces American Government. This course typically covers the same topics as American Government but in greater depth. Emphasis is placed on interpretation, synthesis, and analysis of governmental policies and institutions.Economics:  In Economics students learn key economic concepts such as scarcity, supply and demand, and major economic theories. Students then focus on the way that the American government interacts with the American economy. The last portion of the course is spent on real-world applications of economic concepts. Students do not only learn basi c consumer economics but also details about savings and investing. AP Macroeconomics and/or AP Microeconomics replaces Economics. This advanced placement course focuses less on consumer economics and more on a typical undergraduate level of economic theory.

Benefits Of Being A College Athlete Essay -- Sleep, Sleep disorder, Slee

When people experience trouble sleeping, depression is one of the major problems that arise from it. For example, I am sure we all have had nights where we could not fall, or stay, asleep, and when we had to get out of bed and start the day, we felt like it would be an absolutely terrible day. Some of us can shake this feeling off rather quickly, but with others the problem can linger for days, weeks, months or years. In one study, the researchers discovered that 33.5% of college students suffered from depression (Armstrong Ooman, 2009). Another study concluded that 52% of college students that suffered from depression were female, and the researc... ... middle of paper ... ...mstrong and Oomen was to analyze social connectedness, self-esteem, depression symptoms among female and male college athletes, and female and male non-college athletes, and compare the results between the two groups. These researchers had no specific hypothesis, but judging from the information they provided, they thought that athletes would have lower levels of depression and higher levels of social connectedness and self-esteem. In the article done by Nyer and his colleagues, the purpose was to show the relationship between sleep disturbance and depression, anxiety, and functioning in college students. These researchers hypothesized that students with depressive symptoms with sleep disturbances would demonstrate a greater burden comorbid psychiatric symptoms and functional impairment compared to students with depressive symptoms without sleep distrubances (2013).

Public lnternational Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Public lnternational Law - Essay Example This paper will revolve around the international law. As defined in the article, international law refers to a body of legal rules, regulations, and acceptable practices by countries, international organizations, and people worldwide. It involves norms by which people interact with one another and with other citizens of different countries. Traditionally, the international law dealt with the conduct of states and international organizations (Kelsen, 2003:122). However, in the recent decades, individuals, transnational corporations, and non-governmental organizations are becoming increasingly active in global affairs, and their operations are too relevant to international law. The international law has two basic types, public and private international laws. As stated, public international law deals with relationships among nations or between a nation and an organization or people from different nations. One the other end, the private international law deals with disputes and conflicts between citizens from diverse countries or businesses form different nations (Aust, 2010:1-4). Presence of certain courts and bodies such as the United Nations Security Council facilitate the implementation of the activities of international law since they have the power to decide cases concerning the international law. Is international law good or bad? According to Slomanson, international law is good and essential to nations and individuals. This is because; international law provides bases of peace, harmony, and corporation. Therefore, individuals and nations are able to maintain relations in both local and international levels. The same way men and women could not co-exist peacefully in a society without laws to regulate their conduct the same way nations could not. In addition, international law is necessary since avails conventions used for regulating state conduct. It also impinges on state sovereignty by creating new structures vital for regulating cross border relations. I nternational law forms limitations regarding the sovereignty of member states by establishing principles that control the global relations, which compete with the core realistic principles of sovereignty and anarchy (Slomanson, 2010:195). Since it is an agreement and tradition signed by the subscribed member states, its authority and control are strong. Relationship between international law and municipal law Municipal law and international law co-relate in the manner that, each has mandate over a particular area of jurisdiction. The national law regulates behaviors of individuals in a state while international law deals with behaviors of states and the external relations of the states’ foreign affairs. According to Black public international law, there is a divergence of opinion on the question as to whether international law and municipal law on the various national laws can be said to form a unity being a manifestation of a single conception of law or whether the IL consti tutes an independent system of law essentially different from the municipal law. However, there is a difference with regard to the substance of the law between sovereign states in as much as municipal law governs individuals while international law controls the relationship among states whereby states arrive at it through signed agreement between them. Therefore, as regards competence,

BIO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

BIO - Essay Example In particular, I led a group of officers to survey and install security application. In that accord, I completed a site survey for a new secure yard for FSR and STSs. Using my technical expertise, I was able to restore a malfunctioning Pick to Light (PLT) System. Specifically, the system had lost its audio, and I was able to detect the defect through troubleshooting using a particular program and restore it to its previous functionality. In the absence of a video for the TOC users, I relied on my knowledge and skills to replace four Video Matroxs to restore the videos, and the TOC operators used them. My efforts and expertise has not gone unnoticed since I received a TOC coin and awarded for excellence work performance. Specifically, this happened while working as a TDY to Basrah where I successfully cleared 35 alarms in the TR room within two minutes of customer calls. In addition, I installed four TV monitors in the TOC for better security coverage of the embassy compound for customers. In short, this illustrates my incredible knowledge, expertise, and experience in the technology-enhanced security

Financial Highlights of John Lewis Performance Essay Example for Free

Financial Highlights of John Lewis Performance Essay Sales Sales are the activity within a business for the purchases of products and service. This is also the operating revenues that is earned by the company  by selling their products or services. Last year, the business was involved in an accounting scandal, and saw the departure of some senior executives. However the retail giant, which has more than 3,300 stores in the UK, had a better Christmas than expected. The sales over the holiday period were down just 0.3 percent on the year before and up 0. 1% if fuel sales are included. Overall, comparable sales for the three months to the beginning of January were down by 2.9%.Tescos chief executive, Dave Lewis, said the firm was facing the reality of the situation and was seeing the benefits of listening to our customers. Revenue Revenue are the amount of money that the business receives during a specific period which includes the discounts and deductions that are for returned merchandise Revenue is calculated by multiplying the price at which goods or services are sold by the number of units or amount sold. Tesco’s revenue increased from the years 2010 to 2011 from  £57,502m to  £61,174m. This infers to us that there would be an increase in the corporations stockholders equity and its assets. The revenues will increase the retained earnings section of stockholders equity. The assets that usually increase are cash or accounts receivable. Conversely within the years of 2012 to 2013 the business revenue decreased from  £64,541m to  £63,967. This indicates to us that the business reduced their pricing. However within 2013 and 2014 there was an increase within the revenue figures from  £63,967 to  £64,149. Profit Profit is the money that the business makes after accounting for all the expenses. This is a financial benefit that is realized when the amount of revenue gained from the business activity exceeds the expenses, costs and taxes needed to sustain the activity. Any profit that is gained goes to the businesss owners, who may or may not decide to spend it on the business. Tescos Britain’s biggest retailer Shares fell as much as 17 per cent to their lowest in around 14 years as it said trading profits for the year ending February 2015 would not exceed  £1.4bn. This is  £500m below current market forecasts of  £1.9bn. Debt Debt is the amount of money borrowed by one person from another. Many  corporations and individuals use debt as a method for making large purchases that they could not afford under normal circumstances. A debt arrangement gives the borrowing individual permission to borrow money under the condition that it is to be paid back at a later date, usually with interest. Within Tesco the debt decreased within the years of 2010 to 2013 from  £14.0b to  £13.5b because the business is paying off debts owed regularly which results in a positive cash flow. On the other hand the business debt increased within the years 2013 to 2014 from  £13.5b to  £14.5b. This is for the reason that the business are not paying off the liabilities that are owed. Pension A pension is a type of retirement plan, usually tax exempt, where an employer makes contributions toward a pool of funds set aside for an employees future benefit. The funds is then invested on the employees behalf, allowing the employee to receive benefits upon retirement. Philip Clarke and Laurie Mcllwee are members of the Tesco PLC pension scheme, which provides a pension up to two-thirds of base salary on retirement, normally at the age 60, dependent on service. Within the organisation each year’s pension earned before 1 June 2012 will be increased up to a maximum 5%. Turnover Turnover is the number of times an asset is replaced during a financial period. This would be the number of shares traded for a period as a percentage of the total shares in a portfolio or of an exchange. As we can see above, on Tesco profit and loss sheet there was an increase in the turnover from the years 2010 to 2011 from  £56910.0m to  £60455.0m. This indicates to us that Tesco has strong sales within this year as the business is re-stocking cash quickly and has a lower risk of becoming stuck with obsolete inventory. On the other hand within the years 2012 and 2013 there was a decrease in figures from  £63916.0m to  £63406.0m. This tells that the business is carrying too much inventory which suggest poor inventory  management and low sales.

Biography of Isaac Newton :: Sir Isaac Newton Essays

Sir Isaac Newton was an English mathematician and physicist, considered one of the greatest scientists in history. He made important contributions to many fields of science. His discoveries and theories laid the foundation for much of the progress in science. Newton was one of the inventors of a mathematics called calculus. He also solved the mysteries of light and optics, formulated the three laws of motion, and derived from them the law of universal gravitation. Newton was born on December 25, 1642, at Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire. When he was three years old, he was put in care of his Grandmother. He then was sent to grammar school in Grantham. Then later he attended Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. Newton ignored much of the established curriculum of the university to pursue his own interests; mathematics and natural philosophy. Proceeding entirely on his own, he investigated the latest developments in mathematics and the new natural philosophy that treated nature as a complicated machine. Almost immediately, still under the age of 25, he made fundamental discoveries that were instrumental in his career science. The Fluxional Method, Newton's first achievement was in mathematics. He generalized the methods that were being used to draw tangents to curves and to calculate the area swept by curves. He recognized that the two procedures were inverse operations. By joining them in what he called the fluxional method, Newton developed in 1666 a kind of mathematics that is known as calculus. Calculus was a new and powerful method that carried modern mathematics above the level of Greek geometry. Optics was another area of Newton's early interests. In trying to explain how colors occur, he arrived at the idea that sunlight is a heterogeneous blend of different colors of which represents a different color. And that reflections, and refraction's cause colors to appear by separating the blend into its components. Newton demonstrated his theory of colors by passing a beam of sunlight through a type of prism, which split the beam into separate colors. In August 1684 Newton was visited by Edmund Halley, the British astronomer and mathematician, who discussed with Newton the problem of orbital motion. Newton had also pursued the science of mechanics as an undergraduate, and at that time he had already entertained basic notions about universal gravitation. As result of Halley's visit, Newton returned to these studies. During the next three years, Newton established the modern science of dynamics by formulating his three laws of motion. Newton applied these laws to Kepler's laws of orbital motion, and derived the law of universal gravitation. Newton is probably best known for discovering universal gravitation, which explains that all bodies in space and on earth are affected by the force called gravity. Biography of Isaac Newton :: Sir Isaac Newton Essays Sir Isaac Newton was an English mathematician and physicist, considered one of the greatest scientists in history. He made important contributions to many fields of science. His discoveries and theories laid the foundation for much of the progress in science. Newton was one of the inventors of a mathematics called calculus. He also solved the mysteries of light and optics, formulated the three laws of motion, and derived from them the law of universal gravitation. Newton was born on December 25, 1642, at Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire. When he was three years old, he was put in care of his Grandmother. He then was sent to grammar school in Grantham. Then later he attended Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. Newton ignored much of the established curriculum of the university to pursue his own interests; mathematics and natural philosophy. Proceeding entirely on his own, he investigated the latest developments in mathematics and the new natural philosophy that treated nature as a complicated machine. Almost immediately, still under the age of 25, he made fundamental discoveries that were instrumental in his career science. The Fluxional Method, Newton's first achievement was in mathematics. He generalized the methods that were being used to draw tangents to curves and to calculate the area swept by curves. He recognized that the two procedures were inverse operations. By joining them in what he called the fluxional method, Newton developed in 1666 a kind of mathematics that is known as calculus. Calculus was a new and powerful method that carried modern mathematics above the level of Greek geometry. Optics was another area of Newton's early interests. In trying to explain how colors occur, he arrived at the idea that sunlight is a heterogeneous blend of different colors of which represents a different color. And that reflections, and refraction's cause colors to appear by separating the blend into its components. Newton demonstrated his theory of colors by passing a beam of sunlight through a type of prism, which split the beam into separate colors. In August 1684 Newton was visited by Edmund Halley, the British astronomer and mathematician, who discussed with Newton the problem of orbital motion. Newton had also pursued the science of mechanics as an undergraduate, and at that time he had already entertained basic notions about universal gravitation. As result of Halley's visit, Newton returned to these studies. During the next three years, Newton established the modern science of dynamics by formulating his three laws of motion. Newton applied these laws to Kepler's laws of orbital motion, and derived the law of universal gravitation. Newton is probably best known for discovering universal gravitation, which explains that all bodies in space and on earth are affected by the force called gravity.

Global Distribution of Food Products

Question 2 The production, ingestion and distribution of nutrient merchandises globally has been an issue with great importance. Though adequate nutrient is produced worldwide to feed all the people in the universe, about 1 billion people suffer from chronic hungriness in the present universe. One major important factor for this issue is considered to be hapless nutrient distribution. It is chiefly considered that nutrient distribution is fundamentally organizing the connexion between nutrient manufacturers and providers with consumers ; but it is besides every bit of import to place the allotment of nutrient globally. Some of the challenges with nutrient distribution is to place how the nutrient should be distributed globally, who has the authorization to specify the distribution and what schemes and methods to be used for distribution. The traditional method of nutrient distribution is straight selling nutrient and nutrient merchandises straight to the consumers. However, due to assorted inef ficiencies, most frequently nutrient merchandises are transported to a cardinal location from where the nutrient is so distributed to assorted other small towns and metropoliss. As mentioned earlier, assorted factors affect the execution of a robust nutrient distribution system. The deficiency of or inability for the consumers to hold entree to markets or besides the inability of consumers to afford the cost of nutrient is considered as another major factor for improper nutrient distribution. The deficiency of markets, unequal manner of transit handiness and the inability to afford the cost of nutrient production and ingestion are other primary factors. In the current nutrient distribution system, the figure of markets and the ability to entree these markets are limited. About 16 % of the rural population of the states do non hold the convenience to entree markets, doing the husbandmans to sell their harvest. In fact merely 40 % of all the harvest is marketed and one tierce of husbandmans merely sell their harvest to the markets. Transportation has a immense impact in nutrient distribution system in developing states. Access to high quality route or railroad s are limited and this creates hold and inefficiency in transporting goods to the cardinal market. Some of the transit paths are expensive and requires changeless care. Certain parts in rural Africa, South Asia and South East Asia have ill constructed and maintained roads, which sometimes creates a barrier to entree certain rural small towns and towns, making hold in transit of goods to those parts. Besides the type of transit varies from part to part. Therefore it is really of import to come up with solutions by critically analyzing the geographics of the part, their handiness to resources and the understanding the local degree of the part. Another major drawback is that nutrient merchandises are spoilables and their ingestion clip is limited ; which leads to a batch of nutrient merchandises being wasted globally. A batch of waste besides occurs during post-harvest and during transit. Food merchandises are affected by bacteriums, Fungis and insects, rendering the nutrient uneatable and contaminated for usage doing about 25-50 % of nutrient merchandises being wasted. When a part of nutrient merchandises gets wasted, it creates deficit, which straight impacts the monetary values of the nutrient merchandise. Though monetary value addition affects the consumers, there is no alteration in the monetary value for the husbandmans when they sell their harvest. This instability affects the income of the manufacturers increasing the opportunities of poorness and hungriness rates. The effectual manner to cover with this job is to decently hive away and pull off the nutrient produced. Proper storage methods will increase the life of nutrient merchandises ingestion period. The economic instability, where the consumers have to pay higher cost for the nutrient and husbandmans non acquiring a rise in their income, makes it unaffordable for the people to purchase nutrient in the markets. Many a times, husbandmans are non even able to pay off their investings. We have mentioned the assorted grounds for hapless nutrient distribution system. Introducing an Industrial and Systems Engineering methods and position can assist clearly analyse the assorted root causes and can assist in implementing a robust nutrient supply concatenation system pull offing a proper nutrient distribution logistics. By implementing a Systems Engineering attack, it would assist to develop an efficient logistic system, where â€Å"markets would get full reactivity, high quality merchandises and high dependability of supply in little clip Windowss at the lowest cost.† ( Vlajic, 2011 ) . It would extinguish non-value adding work and inculcate thin thought into its attack. The attack towards developing a nutrient supply concatenation is chiefly focused around merchandise quality and the demand for environmental sustainability. The quality of nutrient within the web should be controlled and guaranteed in order to keep the ironss public presentation. Product quality besides involves properties like safety and unity of the nutrient. In an article by Tromp and Van der Vorst, they discuss â€Å"in the context of nutrient supply chains the sustainability treatment focuses on the decrease of merchandise waste, i.e. merchandises that have to be thrown off because the quality is non suited any more, figure of stat mis a merchandise has travelled before it reaches the consumers’ home base ( so called ‘food miles’ ) , and all nursery gas emanations related to the concern processes in the supply concatenation web ( so called ‘carbon footprint’ ) .† ( Tromp and Van der Varst, 2008 ) . Therefore while developing a nutrient supply concatenation, one should non merely concentrate on bettering the logistics public presentation but besides in nutrient quality saving and environmental sustainability. Food merchandises are by big affected by environmental conditions. Factors such as humidness, temperature and presence of c ontaminations affect the nutrient quality and these factors has to be checked and controlled while packaging, lading and availing temperature controlled transit agencies and warehouses. Introducing clip temperature index ( TTI ) in analysing the quality of nutrient merchandise will let to find the degree of merchandise impairment at any phase of the nutrient distribution system. TTI allows to find the shelf life of the merchandise and because of which the sum of rejected or waste merchandises can be reduced. TTI based direction system promotes least shelf life foremost out ( LSFO ) system, where the merchandises with closest termination day of the month are given off to the markets foremost. Many of such methods to cut down waste can be implemented when a Systems Engineering position is introduced into nutrient distribution logistics. It is critical to hold an integrated attack towards logistics, sustainability and merchandise quality while carry oning analysis on nutrient supply co ncatenation. This would let to do better determinations than when taking merely individual facet at a clip. Some of the procedure and merchandise features which impact the designing of nutrient supply concatenation web are ;Seasonality in production which enhances the opportunities of planetary sourcing of production.Variability in procedure outputs chiefly in quality and measure which is affected by the biological fluctuations of the part, random factors like plagues, temperature, conditions and other biological jeopardies.Having different quality restraints for natural stuffs, intermediates and finished merchandises and quality decay when the merchandises pass through the supply concatenation, heightening the opportunities of stock-outs and merchandise impairment when the merchandise has passed the termination day of the month and/or the quality of the merchandise has declined.Need for conditioned storage and transit, increasing cost of production, transit, storage and ingestion.D ue to these specific features of nutrient merchandises, it is of import to hold an Industrial and Systems technology attack to develop an efficient nutrient supply concatenation web. It is indispensable that work takes topographic point in the right order and at the right clip. Industrial applied scientists help to obtain supply of natural stuffs in the right volume, quality, clip and topographic point. Organize the timing of supply of goods and to understand that the merchandises are subjected to quality decay as they travel through the supply concatenation, analysing the grade and velocity of decay influenced by environmental conditions. An industrial applied scientists attack is critical when it comes to redesigning supply concatenation schemes and procedures. Some of the functions and features of an industrial technology position include ;Redesigning the functions and procedures in the supply concatenation like cut downing the figure of parties involved, extinguishing the non-va lue adding activities and pull offing stock list control.Reducing the lead times by implementing IT systems for better information exchange and determination support system. Use of systems like RFID can let better direction of resources and obtain fabrication flexibleness.Transparency of information is critical between the assorted providers, stock list and work in procedure merchandises and to standardise the cryptography of merchandises to better understand and smooth flow within the supply concatenation. A batch of disparities and confusions can be negated by proper information exchange.Synchronize consumer demand with logistical procedures.A batch of logistical determinations and coordination in supply concatenation can be achieved by seting the batch sizes, consolidating the nutrient flow, cut downing human intercessions and implementing merchandise standardisation.Introducing technological intercessions to assist better the communicating of merchandise when it travels down the supply concatenation has been really fruitful in the recent old ages. The usage of RFID ( Radio Frequency Identifiers ) has led to better safety of nutrient merchandises and besides let efficient handling of natural stuffs and finished merchandises and to rush up the fabrication processes. RFID allows to place objects from a distance without holding to be in a line of sight. RFID ticket besides allows to garner and convey other information like the inside informations of the merchandise and maker and can besides convey mensural environmental factors like temperature and humidness. Some of the possible utilizations of RFID engineering in nutrient industry include ;RFID tickets could be used to track nutrient merchandises during storage and distribution.Multiple RFID tickets can be used to ease machine-controlled merchandise cargos from warehouses to a retail location.Freshtime RFID tickets can assist to supervise the shelf life of the merchandise to which it is tagged. The tags sens e temperature and humidness and the engineering is incorporated to find the shelf life of the merchandise depending on the temperature and humidness monitored.A new RFID based engineering is now being used which combines tracking and temperature measuring specially to guarantee nutrients such as meat, fruit and dairy merchandises are maintained at safe temperature during transit and storage. This engineering is presently being used to transport vinos, seafood, meat, domestic fowl and pharmaceuticals.Therefore the usage of RFID can be really helpful in the distribution and keeping the quality of nutrient merchandises. Elimination of wastes and the demand to eliminate hungriness and poorness is of national importance. Even a slightest of betterment or the ability to supply nutrient for the hungry can be game modifier when it comes nutrient distribution. Understanding the function of an industrial technology and how the techniques of these constructs can assist increase the efficiency of the whole nutrient production and distribution system. Mentions:â€Å"Inadequate Food Distribution Systems† , Mission 2014: Feeding the World, hypertext transfer protocol: //12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2014/problems/inadequate-food-distribution-systems, Accessed September 2014.Vlajic, J. V. , Van Der Varst, J.G.A.J. and Haijema, R. , â€Å"A model for planing robust nutrient supply chains† , International Journal Production Economics, 2012, Vol. 137, n.d. , p. 176-189.Van der Varst, J.G.A.J. , Tromp, S. and Van der Zee, D. , â€Å"Simulation patterning for nutrient supply concatenation redesign ; integrated determination doing on merchandise quality, sustainability and logistics† , International Journal of Production Research, 2009, Vol. 47, No. 23, p. 6611-6631.â€Å"Bar Coding and RFID Enable Food Supply Chain Traceability and Safety† , A Zebra Technologies White Paper, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.zebra.com/content/dam/zebra/white-papers/en-us/food-traceability-en-us.pdf, Accessed September 2014.â⠂¬Å"RFID engineering may assist in maintaining nutrients safe† , Inventory Management Reliable Plant, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.reliableplant.com/Read/20768/rfid-technology-may-help-in-keeping-foods-safe, Accessed September 2014.Wognum, P.M. , Bremmers, H. , Trienekens, J.H. , â€Å"Systems for sustainability and transparence of nutrient supply ironss – Current position and challenges† , Advanced Engineering Informatics, 2011, Vol. 25, n.d. , p. 65-76.Scipioni, A. , Saccarola, G. and Centazzo, A. , â€Å"FMEA methodological analysis design, execution and integrating with HACCP system in a nutrient company† , Food Control, 2002, Vol. 13, n.d. , p. 495-501.

Barbie Goes To China

The impact of the recent global financial crisis is vividly seen in the reaction that consumer brands and retail stores are having with regard to their survival. In Europe, the reaction has been drastic, with automobile manufacturers offering huge discounts and trade ins just to boost their sales. In the United States, manufacturers have slashed their prices and offered massive discounts. While there is nothing fundamentally wrong with reducing profit margins to increase or improve earnings, this could be a problem in the long run because it can result in a deterioration of the brand image.The conundrum that exists now is the decision that companies must make regarding improving expenses in the short term and brand image in the long run. The article entitled, Barbie Goes to China, provides and interesting take on this puzzle that companies are now facing. Using the example of Barbie, the authors cite the struggles that Mattel has had in the American market. It shows that there has be en a decline in Barbie sales because of the image that has been attached to the brand. There is no room for Barbie to change the way that she is perceived.This in turn affects the marketability of Barbie, especially in the United States market. Instead, what the article suggests is that the focus should be on maintaining the brand image. Citing the moves that other companies have done, the emphasis falls on being able to choose between sacrificing brand image and maintaining a profit. Several companies have decided to do a mix and offer discount sales for certain items while keeping other items full priced. In relation to Barbie and Mattel, there is a unique opportunity for the company to capitalize on the growing Chinese market and create a new brand image for itself.From a marketing standpoint, there are two important lessons that can be gleaned here. The first is that there is nothing wrong with trying to survive, particularly when the economic crisis has promised to be deep and widespread. In an effort to prevent a total loss, companies have capitalized on the public’s perception and reduced their prices while presumably offering the same quality goods they have always provided. In the same vein, they have tried to protect the image by putting less emphasis on the profit margins and more emphasis on their products.It is also in this part where the brand image that has been created is crucial because it could be detrimental to the brand in the long run. The second lesson to be learnt here is that there are other options. There are several layers of customers and the top tier and loyal customers are not averse to supporting their favorite brands. Top brands such as Mattel need to understand that during uncertain times the one thing that you can count on are the loyal customers. They are willing to overlook the overpriced goods as long as they get what they want. This is what brands need to take advantage of.While there is certain merit in these assert ions, it is wise not to forget the economic fundamentals that are applicable. It can be said that the loyal clientele will always be there but this is not always the case. The reaction is so much more different when one examines an inelastic good and one examines an elastic good. Demand can be inflexible to changes in income if the good is inelastic but it can flexible when it comes to elastic goods. When people need to decide between Barbies and Guccis and buying food or paying their mortgage payments, it is a whole different dynamic and the lessons embodied in this article may no longer hold.

The Vietnamese culture Essays

The Vietnamese culture Essays The Vietnamese culture Essay The Vietnamese culture Essay However, following Watson and Head, 2007, and Singh 1971, in practice, it is the market price of the share that determines the PE ratio. This is only the guide to company performance on the paper, since it uses the historical numbers and it ignores both cash flow and risks. The last one is the managerial motives. Takeover can arise because of the agency problem where conflicts of interest between shareholders and managers. In my opinion I think that it is difficult to give the example for this, because it seems like an internal issue inside the company, and as I presented, keeping information is part of the Vietnamese culture. Therefore, after taking over, the larger their firm, the less likely it is to be taken by the others, so the more secure for the job of managers. However, everything has two sides. Now the researcher will present about the against-acquisition aspect, why the firm may not choose takeover as the solution. Because Jebb plc is going to take over the rival, assuming they are in the same industry car producer, the target rival company can go to the court to ask for stopping the takeover when it leads to monopoly or it affects the fair competition, according to the Competition commission referral 1999. For instance, Jebb plc and B ltd are two biggest car producer companies in Hanoi and in Hochiminh city. When Jebb plc buys B, it will affect the price of products, the services serving to the customers, the distribution area, and it might lead to the monopoly market. Therefore, it will damages image and wealth of B, and it is not a good new for another car producer in Vietnam. Besides, when the number of shares increase through issuing new shares, it is harder to gain majority. Also if after acquisition, the bidder only has 49% of shares, then it is still no authority on running business, and is considered as useless action. Hence, Jebb plc will be in big trouble, and it will make the bridge turning 180 degree around, when B ltd can threaten against Jebb. For more understanding about the theories, please refer to the appendix 1 where the researcher presented about the basic theories of reasons profits behind takeovers, and against takeover. With the assumption as above, we now move to the method for Jebb plc to take over B. Based on the assumption above, we choose the horizontal acquisition, and we will finance it by cash offers mixed with share-for-share offer, because it will be attractive to the target firm shareholders, due to the reasons that compensation they receive for their share is surely in value. Also, it will retain equity interest, no broker costs from re-investing cash and reducing capital gain tax liability (Watson and Head, 2007). Besides, if we do not have cash in hand, and the new issue is rejected, we can issue the right issue, or borrow the issue bonds before we borrow from the bank. However, after acquisition, we will have problems with the interest rate (liquidity problem), gearing, and may be changes in capital structure among with the impacts on employees, managers on top, shareholders for both Jebb plc and B ltd (please refer to the appendix 1). When we borrow money, we must pay the interest, so the expenses will be increased, the profit goes down, the share price goes down, then the market value goes down, and this will lead to the company performance. The figure 1 and figure 2 in the appendix 1 will show for more detail.

Media Ethics Case Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media Ethics Case - Research Proposal Example Journalists are pillars of our society and they need to be ethically correct in discharging their duty to disseminate correct information to the public at large. Violation of academic trust through plagiarism, cheating, falsifying information or aiding and abetting in any of the nefarious activities are now serious offences and they are considered as totally unacceptable conduct in all areas of work, including journalism. Hence their professional honesty is crucial in promoting correct facts and interpretation on issues and topics that are socially, economically and politically relevant. During the Second Lebanon War between Hezbollah military and Israel forces, there was widespread damage to civilian infrastructure, including to the main airport of Beirut. War causalities also included killing of innocent civilians. The media had lapped up the war that had generated mass reaction all through the world. The photos of freelance Lebanese photo-journalist had generated mass hysteria against the Israel attacks which had damaged civilian places and displaced millions of the people from their home. Reuter later admitted that these photos were digitally altered (BBCNews, 2006). Altering the photographs digitally for vested interests was ethically wrong. The journalists are supposed to present the real situation to the people so the people can correlate with the event and accordingly propose a course of actions. In this case, the digitally altered photographs were meant to show gruesome and grotesque footage of war torn area and people and incite Muslims for the acts of terrorism and indirectly garner support for Hezbollah militants in their war against the Israelis. The actions of the Lebanese photo-journalist will have long term implications not only for the said journalist but the whole cadre of the journalist would become the target for vested interest and

Survey and analysis of the IT employment market Report Essay

Survey and analysis of the IT employment market Report - Essay Example Broadly speaking, these include the (1) design, (2) selection, and (3) setting up of computer systems. Systems engineers help organizations in acquiring and installing data processing systems that are affordable as well as workable, and are suited to the existing and anticipated needs. It has been noted that â€Å"systems engineers work at various levels in the design and coordination of large and complex projects known as systems† (Net Industries and its Licensors, 2010). However, fresh graduates are generally placed in the baseline positions. One of the major controlling bodies is Engineers Australia which is â€Å"the national forum for the advancement of engineering and the professional development† (Engineers Australia, 2010) of its members. According to the official website of the organization, â€Å"with more than 85,000 members embracing all disciplines of the engineering team, Engineers Australia is the largest and most diverse professional body for engineers in Australia†; it further claims that engineers who have been given chartered status by it â€Å"are regarded as trusted professionals not only in Australia, but worldwide† (Engineers Australia, 2010). Apart from providing official recognition to member engineers, the main activities of Engineers Australia include (1) advocacy, (2) professional development, (3) program accreditation, and (4) Migration Skills Assessment (MSA). This position is that of â€Å"a SharePoint architect, providing technical and design solutions; the focal point for coordinating and delivering SharePoint user support and optimization; a solution provider, troubleshooting and fixing technical issues; an application integrator, integrating SharePoint with other products; and a project manager, defining, planning and executing SharePoint and infrastructure projects† (IAEA,

Analysis of a manager's job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Analysis of a manager's job - Essay Example It is, he said, the series of activities related to the use of available resources to achieve a goal. The resources can be material or human, other people, inside or outside an organization of humans, which a ‘manager† has to ‘manage’ or learn how to â€Å"use† properly to achieve a specific purpose. In his case, he manages the people who work with him: the wait staff, the cooks and kitchen assistants. He includes the customers, not all of whom are pleasant to be with. He also has to manage or ‘use’ resources like the raw ingredients that go into every meal, the drinks they serve, and the place itself. The first function is planning, which involves setting goals and thinking clearly of how those goals can be reached with the people and resources he has. Peter sits down with the owner regularly to discuss profit targets, and he goes over the different ways those targets could be met. He specifies how many people he needs, especially on special days when there are big celebrations or a festival when they foresee many customers coming in to the restaurant. This function includes making a budget, specifying what types of people he should hire, how many of each (cooks, waiters, receptionists, kitchen assistants, and sometimes, valet parking attendants) to hire and the salaries he could give them. He also plans the menu with the cook and the owner, and they find ways to get good quality ingredients that do not cost too much. He often sits down and thinks hard to understand the goal (prepare a birthday dinner for a group of twenty). He asks questions like: do I have enough people, resources, and time; and how do I distribute the work (more so when the cook calls in sick on what could be a busy night)? How can we work together, with the limitations we have, so that we meet the goal on time? These are not easy things to do, especially as he has to plan what to do if any

Statement of Purpose to Enter the University Assignment

Statement of Purpose to Enter the University - Assignment Example I expect to acquire knowledgeable concepts, information and tactics to improve my planning and development skills through which I can serve people for the betterment. There is always a room for improvement and I feel that nothing but education can fill the existing gap. By participating in the educational program at the university, I would be able to polish my existing abilities and would learn to use the new concepts in my practical life. This doctorate grabbed my attention when I completed my Masters in the field of Psychology from the same university. I have ever since worked on my skills and have served the community by working in different organizations. I have completed my Bachelors and Masters in the field of psychology and have attained relevant knowledge that can help me to pursue a degree in the doctorate. This course will help me in attaining the understanding of complex patterns of psychology along with new ideas and theories. In today’s era of globalization, it is important that one has firsthand experience in multiculturalism and I have achieved this objective by studying in a multicultural university previously. Ever since I attained the degree of masters I have used my time effectively to explore the world and work with people who are homeless and addicted to drugs. It has helped me to learn the behavioural patterns of different people as the field of psychology teaches us. I expect to acquire kn owledge on the issues related to the field of psychology in all aspects. The political, social, environmental and economic issues are somehow related to the field of psychology and I believe that with the right knowledge I would be able to serve better in my field. Knowing the value of the degree that will be awarded from Carlos Albizu University, I expect to get a reputable post in a well-known organization. The university carries great importance in the educational field and with the experience of the faculty, I think that I would be able to excel in my field.  

Maslows Criteria of Self Actualization

Maslows Criteria of Self Actualization Abraham Maslow is known as the spiritual father of humanistic psychology. According to him, human being is a creature who always have desired. If their desired is satisfied, another will arises to take place. In the drives of fulfill ones potential, the individual will be gained happiness, growth and satisfaction. Maslow was distinguished in motivation. Motivation is the reduction of tension by satisfying lacks. D-needs or deficiency needs arise for the requirements of survival or safety, such as need for food or shelter. It motivates individual to engage in activities that reduce these drives. Maslow had proposed that human needs are arranged in hierarchy and there are five levels of basic human needs. It was listed from strongest to weakest which include basic physiological need , safety, belongingness and love , esteem and actualization. The self actualization is the weakest need which place on top of the hierarchy and physiological need is the strongest need which place on the bottom of hierarchy. Most of the people trying to fulfill physiological needs, safety , belongingness and love and esteem needs. Indeed, self actualization is a goal that less people can fully reached. Movement to self actualization is not easy and wont reached automatically. Abraham Maslow also said that self actualization as the full use and exploitation of talents, capacities and potentialities. This is because self actualization is the weakest needs and people are usually afraid of the self knowledge for self actualization that may change their self-concept. In self actualization, people comes to find out the meaning of their life and the importance of life to them. Therefore, self actualization requires freedom to express oneself and to explore. Thus, their act have to in the absence of any restriction and follow the moral value such as truth, honesty and others. Although all people have innate drive to be self actualized, but self actualized people are still very rare. Most of us not capable to achieved self actualization or only to certain degree of self actualizing, but theoretically we are able to self actualizing. Maslow identified that self actualized people have fifteen common characteristics. The characteristic includes problem centered but not self centered, spontaneous, accept themselves for what they are, highly creative, peak experience and others. Although people can achieve self actualization in their unique ways, they still tend to share certain same characteristics. The behaviors that leading to self actualization such as trying new things, being honest, taking responsibility and working hard and so on. CRITERIA TO SELF-ACTUALIZATION There are four criteria must have before a person achieves self-actualization. One of them were free or absence of psychopathology. Psychopathology is a term which refers to either the study of mental illness, mental distress or the manifestation of behaviours and experiences which may be showing out mental illness or psychological impairment. They were neither neurotic nor psychotic no partially toward psychological disturbances. This is an important point of negative criterion because some neurotic and psychotic individuals have some things in common with self-actualizing people and sharing the same characteristics such as heightened sense of reality, mystical experiences, creativity, and detachment from other people. Abraham H. Maslow will remove from the list of possible of self-actualizing people if that person showed clear signs of psychopathology. Maslow second criterion was acceptance of the B-values. Researchers have defined it formally in terms of positive and negative self-concepts. He states the person who achieved self actualization will felt comfortable with and even demanded truth, beauty, justice, simplicity, wholeness, perfection, completion, aliveness, richness, goodness, uniqueness, effortlessness, playfulness and the last one is self-sufficiency. This all values is also about B-values. We have to accept or have B-values in our own self to achieves self-actualization. Besides that, the criteria is satisfaction of each of the four lower level needs and therefore can lived above the subsistence level of existence. They would also experienced love and had a well-rooted sense of self-worth. This is because when they satisfied their lower needs, these people were better and be able to tolerate the frustration of these needs, even in the face of criticism. They are also be able of loving a wide variety of people yet love everyone with no obligated. Last but not least, the criterion for reaching self-actualization was fully accomplished of ones potentials for growth. In other words, his self-actualizing individuals have to fulfil their needs to grow, to develop, and to increasingly become what they were capable of becoming. With having all these criterions, the needs of self actualization only can fulfilled. VALUES OF SELF-ACTUALIZERS Maslow had state that self-actualizing people are motivated by the eternal verities what he called B-values. These are sign of psychological health and are opposed to deficiency needs, which motivate non-self-actualizers. B-values are not the needs in the same sense that food, shelter, or companionship are. Maslow termed B-values metaneeds to point out that they are the extreme level of needs. He differentiate between ordinary needs motivation and the motives of self-actualizing people, which known as metamotivation. Metamotivation is characterized by expressive rather than coping behavior and is connected with the B-values. It differentiates self-actualizer from those who are not. In other words, metamotivation was Maslows indecisive answer to the problem of why some people have their lower needs satisfied, they capable giving and receiving love, hold a great amount of confidence and self-esteem. The lives of these people are meaningless and lacking in B-values. Only people who lives among the B-values are self-actualizing, and they alone are capable of metamotivation. Maslow had identified 14 B-values. The values of self-actualizing people include truth, beauty, goodness, wholeness or the transcendence of dichotomies, aliveness or spontaneity, uniqueness, completion, justice and order, perfection, simplicity, richness or totally, effortlessness, playfulness or humor, and self-sufficiency or autonomy. These values differentiate self-actualizing people from those whose psychological growth is stop after they reach their esteem needs. Maslow hypothesized that when people did not met their metaneeds , they will experience illness, also known as existential illness. All people have different tendency to move toward completeness and when the movement was discouraged, they will start suffer from the feelings of inadequacy, disintegration, and lack of fulfilment. Absence of these B-values leads to pathology just same as lack of food results in malnutrition. When denied the truth, people suffer from paranoia, when they live in ugly surroundings, they become physically ill, lack of playfulness and humour. They become tired, rigid, and depressed. Deficiency of any of the B-values results in metapathology which means the lack of a meaningful philosophy of life. CHARACTERISTIC OF SELF ACTUALIZER Abraham Maslow described several characteristics of a self-actualizations peoples. Maslows theory conceptualizing behavioral define in term of a hierarchy, which the self-actualization needs is the highest of the human needs, involves the actively use of all our qualities and abilities, the development and fulfillment of our potential. Self-actualization people are those who have achieved this goal. They are characterized by their giving, calm and practical natures. Question, what are the characteristics of self-actualization? Self-actualization people share certain characteristics and Maslow concluded which is objective perception of reality. Self-actualizations people perceive their world and other people, clearly and logic, unbiased. The self-actualization people have comfortable relations with more efficient perception of reality. This is extended to all areas of life. Self-actualization people are not frightened, they will not frighten by the unknown and they have greater ability to reason, to see the truth. They able to detect the dishonest and the fake. Secondly, characteristic of self-actualization people is a full acceptance of their own nature. Self-actualization people accept their strengths and weaknesses. They do not try to distort or falsify their self-image and they do not feel guilty or shame about their failing. They enjoy themselves without regret or apology, they have no unnecessary inhibitions. They also accept the weaknesses of other people and of society in general. They accept natural events, even disasters, as a part of life. Thirdly, the self-actualization people is commit and dedicate to a kind of work. They focus on problems outside themselves and other centred. Self-actualization people have a sense of mission in life which they requiring their energy. Their mission is their reason for living in the world. This dedication to a cause or vocation is a requirement for self-actualization. They are serene, characterized by a lack of worry, and are devoted to duty. Self-actualization people find pleasure and excitement in their hard work. Forth, behavior of self-actualizer is simplicity, honest and being nature. The behaviour of self-actualization people is open, direct, and natural. They rarely hide their feelings, emotions or play a role to satisfy the society, they may do so only to avoid hurting other people. Self-actualization people are individualistic in their ideas and ideals but not necessarily standard in their behavior. They feel secure enough to be themselves without being aggressive. They are so spontaneous in their inner life, thoughts and impulses, they are not hampered by agreement. Their ethics is independent. They are individuals and motivated to keep growing. Besides that, the characteristic of self-actualization people is a need for autonomy, privacy, and independence. Self-actualizers can experience isolation without harmful effects and seem to need loneliness more than persons who are not self-actualizing. Alone but not lonely, unflappable, retain dignity amid confusion and personal misfortunes, objective. They do not go in for fads and they prefer to follow their self-determined interests. This independence may make them seem aloof or unfriendly, but that is not their intent. They are simply more autonomous than more people and do not crave social support. Furthermore, characteristic of self-actualizers is intense peak experience. A peak experience is a momentary feeling of extreme wonder, awe, and vision, the loss of placement in time and space with, finally, the conviction that something extremely important and valuable had happened, so that the subject was to some extent transformed and strengthened even in his daily life by such experiences. Self-actualization people know moments of intense ecstasy, not unlike deep religious experiences, that can occur with virtually any activity. They are special experiences that appear to be very meaningful to the person who has one. In addition, the characteristic of self-actualization people is empathy and affection for all humanity. All self-actualizers tend to have a deep and sincere caring for their fellow humans. Although often irritated by the behavior of other people, self-actualizers feel a kinship with an understanding of others as well as desire to help them. Identification, sympathy, and affection for mankind, kinship with the good, the bad and the ugly, older-brother attitude. Truth is clear to them, they can see things others cannot see. OBSTACLE TO SELF ACTUALIZATION Most of the people would like to describe the self actualization as positive in many ways , but Maslow wanted to make it clear that it was not easy to achieve self actualization. Although it was an natural potential of everyone, but it was not developed generally. This is because they had repeatedly stuck in the situation to choose between growth and safety. Safety is an attractive choice, but only growth can lead us to self actualization. If we choose play safe rather than dangerous of growth, it will not brings us more toward to self actualization. Parents are advised to not overprotection which orient the child toward safety, and extreme approval which means focus on the child others opinion rather than their own experience. When parents give a clear concept for children, the children will notice that growth choice offer joy and happiness, whereas choice of safety will only lead to boredom. Although growth choice seems dangerous and safety choice offers confirmation, but we have to clear that self actualization is a higher needs and also weakest needs. Therefore ,peoples must pay more effort to compete for it. Besides that, lower needs such as physiological needs, safety and others need higher needs which most of the people keep fighting for it can bring them more satisfaction. Therefore, self actualization is on top of the hierarchy, which is the highest and also the weakest needs. People have to make a clear vision and step to know what they want to achieve it. Maslow also state that human no longer have instincts in the human sense, powerful, unmistakable inner voices which tell them unequivocally what to do, when, where, how and with whom. All that we have left are instinct-remnants. And these are weak, subtle and delicate, very easily drowned out by learning, by cultural expectation, by fear ,by disapproval. (Maslow, 1968b,p191). Maslow added the diminutive ending and called them instinctoid. The weakness of higher instinctoid is they are sometimes insufficient to lead us fully to self actualization. Furthermore, Jonah complex which is the people are convinced that it is impossible to do anything very important and it will to dream to their highest potential, which means self actualization, it will leave them unhappy. STEPS TO SELF ACTUALIZATION Next, we should realize that self actualization plays an important role in our daily life as our age is increasing. Therefore, people might ask what to do can get into self actualization? Heres 11 steps that we can do to achieve self actualization in ourselves. First step is you need to assess your life. Assess statement which means that you should ask yourself are you living a life that you find deeply rewarding and meaningful ? This is not a once and only step. This is a question you have to ask yourself regularly. For example , what you were doing until nowadays to assess and make your life meaningful. If you work as a teacher, you must know that this job is a honored work as you are passing knowledge to the students. If you regularly asked yourself and you get to know the answer, your life will be more meaningful and tend to get into self actualization. Assess your motive is the second step. You have to keep ask yourself, are you holding yourself back because of fear? Everyone should make a choice that desire to grow, rather than reaction to fear. Dont think about what will happen after you made your life decision but keep motivate yourself and think what is the best for your life. Third step is willing to change. If you feel your life isnt a rewarding, youll need to change it, willing to make a move and change a new direction. You have to open yourself to possibility. If you keep closing yourself off to the world, you are going to miss a lot of amazing things in the world. Part of the process to achieved self actualization is allowing those pain at the past, old mindsets and prejudice idea go away. You need to create a sort of blank slate within yourself to begin reconstructing the view of point to see the world. Forth step is started to take the responsibility. You cant expect others to make changes for you. Its your life and its up to you to make the necessary changes that will lead to greater fulfillment. To do this, you may start from small. As with most other tasks, acting responsibility works best when you can get a bit of momentum going. If you feel crushed under a backlog of responsibilities, start with a few small or fast tasks. This can help you gain confidence to take bigger responsibility. Next, is cherish your uniqueness. Be prepared to break away from the herd and be different. Dont be afraid to follow your impulses and dont give into the negative self-talk. Choose to look at things in a different perspective. Then, give yourselves more option, wider your mind and make your dreams alive. When the negative discussion starts, make positive thought even stronger than negative thought. Sixth step is realize your dreams. Instead of lay on bed and dream about what you want, write down your goals and take the appropriate action to achieve them. If you are students and want to get an excellent result in the exam, take a piece of paper and list down the steps to achieve the goal. For example go for a tuition class and make study group with your friends. When you start to make the move, then you can only nearer and nearer to your dream. Seventh step is accept your fallibility. That means, be willing to says, I was wrong .Be honest with yourself and with others. Dont be afraid if you have done something wrong and brave to admit it. Most of the people dare not to admit what he was doing wrong and keep denied or blamed on others. This will not improve yourself but only will put yourselves backward. Besides that, is always learn from the good times. Try to repeat experiences that you find deeply meaningful or awe-inspiring or that lead to feelings of excitement, ecstasy, humility or personal fulfillment. For example, if you have involved in the charity program and you are really enjoyed with it, why not if you get more and more to involved into another charity program? This will bring such a inspiring in your life. Furthermore, is join in which means get involved in life. You have to become an active member of your community. For example ,form a neighborhood watch group. If your neighborhood doesnt already have one, learn how to be a neighborhood watch coordinator and get your neighbors involved. This is a great way to get to know the families living on your street, and you can help other neighborhoods get going once you have experience. Next, is look for the good in others. Every one of us has good points and bad. Usually we will overlook the good and only focus on the bad and mistake. Therefore, you have to make it a habit to find out the good part of someone. You should be also have to be more positive thinking .Positive thinking doesnt mean that you keep your head in the sand and ignore lifes less pleasant situations. Positive thinking just means that you approach the unpleasantness in a more positive and productive way. Positive thinking may lead to a good health. Health benefits in positive thinking include the increased of life span ,lower rates of depression, lower levels of distress and so much more. And here comes the last steps which is step eleventh is assess your progress. Take the time to reflect on all that youve accomplished as well as to honestly assess how you can do more to improve your life and the lives of those around you. For example, assess your progress at your work. This is the time to actually get to work. You need to note down your accomplishments of the last year. Then is the time to question what is different in the current year. Be aware of all the things you have accomplished as well. Your accomplishments give you a sense of confidence and help you achieve your goals in a better manner. They also give you a sense of focus. CONCLUSION Maslow had state out that human are much more than physical object and therefore the methods in physical science have no relevant to the study of humans. He also indicate that psychology have to attempt to understand humans who are in the process of finding out their full potential. Thats why we have to know how the people think and which way to use to motivate them. Therefore, Maslow used most of his times and energies trying to understand superior human. The hierarchy of needs which proposed by Abraham Maslow shows that the lower the needs in the hierarchy, more basic they are. However , everyone have to achieve the lowest needs before deal with the highest need. The highest need, which is self actualization, meant they reaching their full potential, figure out who they are and the meaning of their life. The self actualizing people shares some common characteristics. For example, they tend to be more independent. They less rely on others. Besides that, they are creative which always provide some new and brilliant ideas that special and never try before. Although most of us are creative, but self actualizing people are more nature, naive that would used their creativeness to makes the world better. To achieve self actualization, people may also meet some obstacle. Therefore, it is important to choose the correct ways and steps to reach self actualization. Last but not least, out there was thousand million people on the earth, but not much of them can achieved self actualization. This shows that to achieve this goal seems easy but it was hard. Most of the people stuck on physiological needs, safety, belonging and loves need and esteem needs. They spend most of their life to satisfy those lower needs and forget about the highest needs. The needs become more fragile when goes higher the hierarchy which means their satisfaction is easily been block. Therefore, humans have to be strong to themselves and their faith to drive their innate to the best. Human have to be true to themselves and their own nature. Peoples should also have a good planning of their life so that it can motivate them to achieve the goal step by step so that they can finally achieved self actualization.

Culture in Willy Russells Educating Rita Essay -- Educating Rita Essay

Over the last few weeks I have been reading a play by an author called Willy Russell, it is called Educating Rita. The play begins by introducing the two main characters, Frank and Rita. Rita is a young woman in her mid twenty?s, living in a working class culture. Rita is not happy with the way her life is going, she wants to be seen as more middle class, so she decided to take a course at the Open University to study litterateur. Frank on the other hand is Rita?s tutor at the university also middle aged alcoholic living in a middle class culture. Frank is unhappy with the way things are going in his life, his wife has left him due to an argument over poetry and he is now living with a younger tutor named Julia. The play unfolds as Frank and Rita?s cultures clash together. Educating Rita was first performed in the 1980s. This was a particularly strange time for people in Britain because there was a great deal of civil unrest, this meant the people were not happy with the way the government was running the country. There was also a mining strike and unemployment was very hi...

TUBA: A Waray Heritage

They drink a lot of these because of its effects that can make them high or drunk and makes them forget their problems. Not only problematic people do these, but also those people who want to have fun, not knowing the effects that will happen to some parts of their body of drinking too much of it. Too much intake of these liquors can cause kidney cancer which makes it more expensive when it comes to treatment. This illness won't happen if they choose the right liquor to drink. In Visas, Wary people, who live in Samara-Letter have their own product called Tuba or in English, Coconut Red Wine.It's much cheaper than the there branded liquors because it's easily made and local, but, it gives health benefits to the drinker and can also make a person drunk and healthy. Tuba is among the best wines in the world which provides multiple wine benefits that our body can get. They also have this tradition in Visas wherein Warranty's used to drink Tuba every Sunday as a reward to their hard work during weekdays. They call it Domingo. In Luzon, it is known as Lambing but in Visas, it is known as Tuba, Ball or Balling and the only thing which makes the two of them different is the color and the mixture.In the Visas region, particularly in Letter and Samara, the Tuba is called Coconut Red Wine because of its color; it is red in color because it is mixed with Bark (a Mangrove tree that is reddish in color). On the other hand, the Tuba in Luzon is called Coconut Vodka and it is Just a pure sap and no Bark mixed in it and is almost colorless and sometimes milky white in color. Wars are producing a lot of good quality tuba, ball, and balling. Tuba or Coconut Wine has been in the lives of many Filipinos for a long-time now. It has been drunk by their ancestors before the Spaniards came.Today, we have indulged ourselves in the internationally acclaimed liquors like gins, vodkas, rums and the popular beer. This, however, depends if one can stomach such liquid into going all- out over night but, most people say, â€Å"drink moderately'. But if every person who drinks liquors would try the different aroma and taste of Tuba, which would certainly give a new flavor to a person's next-day hangover, they will love this different kind of drink. But it's the local flavor that counts and it certainly gives an old-school taste in today's modern Samara-Letter.But what is more interesting is the fact that this Tuba is to Just like other liquors because this has an extra-ordinary power which can help people in many ways. This is the reason why the researchers got curious about Tuba. The secret behind this; why is this still admired by others aside from the fact that this is already a new age in the society. To help not only the business persons, but as well as the economy of the country, this is being exported into other countries. So who would say that this is Just a simple drink that doesn't have any benefits at all aside from giving happiness to every person that drink t his?Be admired and be amazed by the spirit of the Wary heritage of Tuba. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The research aims to answer the following questions which are also the main focus of this research: 1. What is the process of making tuba? 2. What is the reason why it still exists and patronized by others? 3. What are the health benefits of Tuba? DEFINITION OF TERMS Management or Mismanaging – the Tuba gatherer; a person who prepares the collection of coconut sap and climbs the coconut tree to collect the sap.Sagging(scythe) – the knife used by a Management to cut the coconut flower. Sap – The nectar that comes out when you cut an inflorescence or unopened coconut lower. Bark – In Letter, it is the bark of a tree that is reddish-tan in color. According to Wisped it comes from a red Allan tan bark tree, a kind of red mangrove tree. In other parts of Visas they called it Tuning tree, a mangrove believed to be the best bark. Another is Bake , also a mangrove tr ee. This is used for coolant and preservative as it offset fermentation.Paso- a small and short bamboo tube with a diameter enough to fit the size of the bud, also called song in the western part of Letter. Domingo- a tradition in Visas wherein Warranty's used to drink Tuba every Sunday as a reward to their hard work during weekdays. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS The research focuses on the study about the Tuba or Coconut Red Wine and do not covers on other type of Filipino wine. The study is only limited on the places within Samara and Letter because these are the nearest places from the place of study, the Saint Paul School of Business and Law.The research only aims to know the information that can answer the questions stated in the Statement of the Problem. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Coconut Red Wine is a traditional Philippine wine came from the coconut tree. Another type of drink we can get from coconut is â€Å"Lambing† or coconut vodka and is merely known in the part of Luzo n. The tuba and lambing is closely related. They only differ in mixture and color. A study about lambing made by TED Case Studies dated on 2005 entitled Lambing: A Philippine drink.It covers the process of making the alcoholic beverage,Lambing which is known for its potency. It is primarily produced in Guenon Province of the Philippines,or about 143 km southeast of Manila. It focuses on Cultural Relevance, Government Involvement, Environmental Impact, and Market Penetration and Potential. The only thing it differs from our research is that our research is limited only in Region 8 , particularly in Samara-Letter. And our research discusses about the process in making Tuba and other related features about it.On the other hand, they are similar in such a way that the both researchers studied about the liquors that can we get from Coconut Sap. BODY The process of making tuba starts when the tuba gatherer called â€Å"management† climbs a coconut tree. While on top the coconut tre e, he would sit on the base of palm's frond and looks for a newly sprouting bud of bunch of coconut flower that is till completely encased in its taking (green pod). The bud of coconut fruit (inflorescence) is lopped off by slicing its very tip using a razor-sharp sagging (scythe) to cause the sap to ooze out from the bud.The stalk of the wounded bud is then pushed down to force it to bend and to position its tip to point downward making it easy to collect the dripping Juice as it drips. A container called Paso (small and short bamboo tube with a diameter enough to fit the size of the bud, also called song in the western part of Letter) is then attached by inserting the wounded tip of the bud not the mouth of Paso and sealed by wrapping around a sheath of giant (coconut sheath) and tying it securely with lapis (strips from coconut frond's bark or strip of rattan).This is done to prevent the rainwater from contaminating with the collected sap if the rain comes. With the availability of plastic cellophane and synthetic straw string, giant and lapis are sometimes no longer used as wrapper and binder. Paso is then left hanging on the tip of the bud for the whole day to collect the slowly dripping sap. The management would climb down and proceed to another coconut tree to do the same routine. The management (tuba gatherer) lops off the bud of coconut fruit (inflorescence) using a razor-sharp sagging (scythe).Refreshing the wound will assure continuous oozing of sap from the bud. By afternoon, the management would climb back to gather the Juice collected in the Paso and pour it into the hangout or Kuwait (big bamboo pole container) brought along by the management which he hung behind his shoulder (a wooden hook that fits the shoulder is attached on it, making it easy to carry up and down in the tree). The emptied Paso is then cleaned using a potholing (bamboo plunger, also called Paton r pate in Along) that would scrape off the sediments left behind and the assorted kinds of insects that came into it.The waste is thrown out by tapping the potholing on the frond of coconut palm. Then the tip of the bud is sliced off again to reopen the wound so that the coconut Juice would continue to ooze out. This is necessary because an old wound retards the oozing out of sap from the bud. The Paso is placed back on the tip of the bud before the management would climb down. Everyday thereafter, the management routinely tend to the same coconut bud until bout half of its length is totally sliced off and the bud's taking (pod) would start to burst open and the beauty (tentacle-like stalks) inside are no longer tender.When freshly gathered from the coconut tree, tuba is milky-white in color, tastes sweet, and effervescent (continuously producing tiny bubbles creating a cream-colored froth). This freshly gathered tuba, with no tuning in it, is said to be good for nursing mothers (as last resort). The unblended tuba will last only for one day as it immediately tu rns sour on the next day that eventually becomes Susann tuba on overall days more. If the freshly gathered tuba is mixed with tuning (a. . A. Bark), it tastes bitter-sweet and turns reddish-orange in color. If tuning is added as soon as possible, as if the Juice is still in the potholing or song, the coconut sap is immediately prevented from becoming sour, instead the tuning-blended Juice would ferment and would be aged over time to become ball or balling. A tuba that is freshly fermented with tuning and still effervescent is called bag-Eng data (a day- old or freshly gathered tuba).After about 12 hours of fermentation, the effervescence tops and the coconut wine becomes ball (or liana in some other places), meaning the wine is a full pledge tuba. For the first 2 weeks, tuba is filtered by siphoning to decant it out from its storage, leaving behind the laws (sediments) that settles at the bottom of the container. After a month of fermentation, tuba is then called a Balling (aged coc onut red wine) that is darker in color and tastes and smells like a fruit red wine. The longer it is stored the better it becomes.Tuba must be stored under shade, better if not totally exposed to any form of light, that is why some tuba maker bury heir Jars of tuba in the ground or hide them inside the house and covered the Jars with black cloth to avoid the souring bacteria to subsist that causes the souring of tuba. The container must also be filled up to its brim, devoid of any air inside, and tightly sealed the opening to prevent the airborne souring bacteria from contaminating the coconut wine. A contaminated tuba will tastes sour and becomes vinegar called Susann tuba (coconut vinegar). Http://www. Letter- tourism. Attachable. Net/Letter-tuba/, 2013) Drinking coconut wine is good for the health; however extreme consumption of it may cause several health risks and is also gizzards. It is always important that you drink moderately. The following are only some of its health benef its: Promotes Longevity. Wine drinkers are observed to have a 34 percent lower mortality rate than beer drinkers. Reduces Heart Attack Risk. Moderate wine drinkers who suffer high blood pressure are 30 percent less likely to experience heart attacks than non-wine-drinkers.Lowers Risk of Heart Disease. Red wine tannins contain proclamation, compounds commonly found in red wines which are good for the blood vessels and protect against heart disease. Reduces Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. Compared to nondrinkers, moderate wine drinkers are 30 percent less likely to develop type 2 diabetes. Lowers Risk of Stroke. People who consume moderate amount of alcohol are likely to experience of about 50 percent possibility drop from suffering a blood-clot related stroke. Cuts Risk of Cataracts.Moderate drinkers are less likely to get cataracts than nondrinkers while those who consume wine are 43 percent less likely to develop cataracts than those mainly drinking beer. Cuts Risk of Colon Cancer. Modera te wine consumption cuts the risk of colon cancer by 45 percent. Slows Brain Decline. Brain functions dramatically decline on nondrinkers than on moderate wine drinkers. Gaining these wine benefits is particularly simple. All you need to do is choose the finest wine that suits your taste and surely gives the wine benefits mentioned above.Eastern Visas has the premium wine from fresh coconut saps which is carefully processed to give you a delicious experience of its clear, smooth and unique taste. (http:// www. Vacationland. Com/, 2013) In Visas, there are at least three common ways of serving tuba: one is Signal, another is may chaser and the manly purr. â€Å"Tag† is that serving of tuba poured in the glass. ) Signal tuba is blended with lots of cola like coke, Pepsi and etc. It makes the wine very sweet and fruity to your palate and throat. The drinkers usually use this way when tuba has that Eskimos (Souris) taste so as to mask the taste.This is also used when drinkers are not brave enough to savor the strong taste of good (not Souris) tuba. Another way is May chaser (a. K. A. Disinterest) tuba is also served with a chaser of cola or any sweet drink, such as Juice, chocolate drink, sweetened coffee, etc. The only difference is that the cola is not blended to Tuba. The chaser is immediately served after swigging tuba. They dare to savor first the true taste of tuba then iron out their squirming face with a chaser. And the last one is called Purr- from the Spanish word purr (meaning â€Å"pure†).One has to swig a tag of pure tuba without sipping any chaser afterward. This will surely give you the truest meaning of saying â€Å"Ayah! † to a drink. This is also considered the best way of drinking Tuba because in this way you will surely taste the original taste or the strong taste of Tuba. METHODOLOGY The topic about the most famous liquor in Samara-Letter came into the minds of the researchers. The study of the topic was more on interview and researching information from the internet and trig-media than on disseminating survey questionnaires.The researchers interviewed Managements from different area of the region, namely from Bases, Tactical and Marabou to know the process of making tuba and their secrets behind its flavor or taste. The researchers went to Tactical City, Letter and interviewed suppliers/importers of Tuba to know their way of selling it also some of the small store owners of Tuba businesses. The rest of the information was gathered through reading the newspaper, listening to the news and surfing in the internet. And also through the information gathered, the researchers analyzed those data and organized the information taken up.SUMMARY The researchers learned the process of making Tuba by interviewing the manufacturers of it called Management. Tuba came from a coconut tree and is made through a process of extracting the sap of an unopened coconut bud. It has a stinging sweet and bittersweet taste. Th e tip of the bud is lopped and the pale Juice allowed trickling into bamboo containers. A sturdy tree yields about a gallon of liquid daily. From coconut water, comes a syrup concentrate for tuba. Tuba is a sweet, fresh or mildly fermented sap taken from tapping the young expanded flowers of the coconut.The researchers also learned the health benefits of drinking Tuba. It promotes longevity, reduces heart attack risk, lowers risk of heart disease, reduces risk of type 2 diabetes, lowers risk of stroke, cut risks of cataracts and cut risks of colon cancer. The Tuba still exist up to the present because of its uniqueness in terms of taste, aroma, and also of its price compared to other wine. And also it is considered as one of the beneficial wine in the world. The researchers also learned the three common ways of serving tuba, one is Signal, and another is my chaser and the manly purr.The researchers successfully answered the question they were curious of. CONCLUSION The researchers c oncluded that tuba is preferable than other liquors because of the health benefits it gives to the drinker. The reason also why it still exist because of the cheap price and the benefit it gives to drinker, not only to the drinker, but also to the economy of the country through exports to other countries. The researchers also concluded that the process of making tuba is clean but hard to make because of the tall coconut trees that the managements climb every day Just to make it.But, it's worth it because it can help our country, not only our country, but also to the health of each person who drinks it making him/her healthier. RECOMMENDATION Based on the data gathered and the study conducted, the researchers recommend that the business persons engaged with the business on Tuba making, as well as to the government to continue exporting this kind of wine into other countries abroad o that this would be recognized by other people outside the country. And also, due to the continuous exp ortation of Tuba, the Philippines will be more famous and popular than it is today.The researchers also recommend to other students who are graduate and undergraduate of business courses to engage in this type of business, the Tuba Making. Aside from the additional income that It can brought to themselves as well as to the country, it may also help the people who drink this to become healthier because of the benefits it can gives us. The researchers recommend also hat related researchers with regards to the topic should be conducted so that this type of Filipino heritage, the tuba should be more known in our country.